Nothing - 4083 Words

One of the most comprehensive surveys of abuse in foster care was conducted in conjunction with a Baltimore lawsuit. Trudy Festinger, head of the Department of Research at the New York University School of Social Work, determined that over 28 per cent of the children in state care had been abused while in the system. Reviewed cases depicted a pattern of physical, sexual and emotional abuses inflicted upon children in the custody of the Baltimore Department. Cases reviewed as the trial progressed revealed children who had suffered continuous sexual and physical abuse or neglect in foster homes known to be inadequate by the Department. Cases included that of sexual abuse of young girls by their foster fathers, and that of a young girl†¦show more content†¦In this lavishly-funded program caseloads were kept low and both workers and foster parents got special training. This was not ordinary foster care, this was Cadillac Foster Care, he explained. In this exemplary program, 24 percent of the girls responding to a survey said they were victims of actual or attempted sexual abuse in the one home in which they had stayed the longest. Significantly, they were not even asked about the other foster homes in which they had stayed.[11] The Childrens Rights Project has initiated a number of successful civil suits against foster care and child welfare systems. One such landmark suit was brought against the Illinois foster care system. Attorney Benjamin Wolf instituted the legal action after concluding that the states foster care system functioned as a laboratory experiment to produce the sexual abuse of children.[12] Yet by many accounts, the sexual abuse of children in the states care has increased along with the increase in placements, successful lawsuits notwithstanding. Even Patrick Murphy, the outspoken Cook County Public Guardian, admits that sexual abuse of children in the care of the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services has probably increased.[13] SYSTEMWIDE ABUSES According to an Associated Press investigation, inShow MoreRelated I Don’t Have a Topic for My Research Paper, So I’m Writing about Nothing2826 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is nothing? Though at first, the response may seem like little more than a play on words, the simple answer is this: Nothing is not. No word such as anything or everything can be added at the end of the statement to further clarify the crucial concept, which is non-existence: the dictionary definition of nothing. In actuality, though, although the denotation of nothing insists on absolute absence and void, in today’s society nothing is actually quite present, masquerading as something indeedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Buy Nothing Day946 Words   |  4 Pagesorganized to increase awareness of excessive consumerism, called Buy Nothing Day. It urged citizens to not purchase any goods within a twenty four hour period. Since 1992, this day has been held yearly in many other nations. Citizens have conflicting viewpoints on the role of Buy Nothing Day as to whether it is successful or unsuccessful, however I believe it is unsuccessful for countries to implement. While annual Buy Nothing Day increases awareness to excessive consumerism and exposes the environmentalRead MoreArgumentative Essay Buy Nothing Day702 Words   |  3 PagesBuy Nothing Day The first ever Buy Nothing Day was held in Canada on 1992. Buy Nothing Day was organized as a day where no goods would be purchased, and as a result of this boycott of goods it would raise awareness of the ethical and environmental implications of overconsumption. This is a great and innovative idea that gives publicity to a neglected issue, which is the implications of overconsumption. Nowadays people do not realize how much damage overconsumption actually does to our world. TheyRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing585 Words   |  3 Pages Social Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing nbsp; In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare presents us with a romp through the realms of truth and illusion. The play is full of characters plotting and deceiving, for both noble and repugnant reasons. It is a study in the importance and necessity of illusion in our everyday lives, and shows how deeply ingrained deception is in our social behaviors. nbsp; Everybody is involved in some kind of illusion, from the masked celebration to the unveilingRead MoreClaudio in Much Ado About Nothing1135 Words   |  5 Pagesof the universe.† Claudio, a character from Much Ado About Nothing, is a perfect example of this quote. Throughout most of the play Claudio is only concerned about how other people and events affect him. However, the obstacles and positions he is put in do not help the situation. The one of the main themes of this play is deception, which Claudio, as well as most of the other characters in the play, fall victim. In Much Ado About Nothing Claudio begins the play with a tendency to be very gullibleRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a play involving by deception, disloyalty, trickery, eavesdropping, and hearsay. The play contains numerous examples of schemes that are used to manipulate the thoughts of other characters; it is the major theme that resonates throughout the play. Ironically, it is one of these themes that bring serenity to the chaos that encompasses most of the play. amp;#9;The first example of deception we see is with the characters of Beatrice and Benedick.Read MoreComedy in Much Ado about Nothing Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Explore the importance of disguise and deception in Much Ado about Nothing. Are they merely effective plot devices? Much Ado about Nothing was written by William Shakespeare in 1598, towards the middle of his career and during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Disguise and deception are used to great comic effect, as well as to drive the main and sub-plot forward. However, an attentive audience may notice how disguise and deception can also be seen to develop characters and relationships, and showRead MoreShakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1199 Words   |  5 Pagesstory. Tragedies, Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, which uplifts spirits as it circles the lives of Hero, Claudio, Beatrice, Don John, and Benedick. Love, trickery, and deception are motifs used to develop a theme relatable to years later. Using love as a basis tricks are placed everywhere in the Italian town of Messina to spark the interest of two or to ruin the love. In Much ado About Nothing, William Shakespeare’s explores the motif of deception, and how nothing is as it seems, connected to theRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing By William Shakespeare843 Words   |  4 Pages In the play Much Ado About Nothing, the theme of scandalous accusations, dishonesty, and its effects take a major role throughout the entirety of the play. However, the effects on a person’s honor vary hugely depending on the sex of the person. For a male, a jab at his honor is an insult, and most likely will result in an all out defense of his integrity in an effort to regain it. A woman, however, suffers far greater consequences. Her honor is based increasingly on her innocence (celibacy)Read MoreGender Roles In Much Ado About Nothing1059 Words   |  5 Pages This essay is an exploration of the play Much Ado About Nothing, and the gender roles involved in the deceit and trickery that transpire and develop throughout the story. As gender is one of the main themes in the plot, identifying the expected gender roles of the characters, and how the contrast between characters highlights these expected roles. In Shakespeare s time, known as the Elizabethan Era, men and women’s roles and expectations were starkly different. Elizabethan women, no matter what

Environmental Problem in Mongolia Essay - 875 Words

1. ENVIRONMENT 2.1 What are the important environmental problems in Mongolia today? 2.2 What are the biggest changes in the environment in Mongolia? 2.3 How can we solve some of the environmental problems in UB? 1.1 What are the important environmental problems in Mongolia today? The environment is everything around us. It is the air, water, land, climates and so on. A clean, well balanced environment has far reaching effects over all life forms and mankind. However, Mongolians can’t keep the environmental balance in recent times. Thus, it is causing serious negative effects such as air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification and land degradation. I think that the worst problems now affecting Mongolia†¦show more content†¦People wash dusty car and dirty clothes in the rivers and lakes. Only fifteen years ago, the total forest area of Mongolia was 10 percent of the total land area. Nevertheless, recently our country lost approximately 2 percent of the forests and now the total forest area is less than 8 percent of the total land area. So, Mongolia has been recorded as a country with small forest resource. Loss and degradation of forests cause incorrect policies and poor enforcement, increasing domestic demand for fuel wood and timber. In addition, more than half of the country is considered a fire –risk zone, and 98.5 percent of forests are classified as high fire risk areas. In summary, environmental problems should be handled by local authorities as well as individuals. Unfortunately, we suffer from the environmental problems. 1.3 How can we solve some of the environmental problems in UB? People say that Mongolia was called ‘A land of blue sky’ in 1970s. Nowadays, air pollution is one of the facing issues to our country, especially the capital city. Ger district, traffic jam, and old vehicle smoke are the main factors to pollute air. Air pollution in UB is increasing year after year. Luckily, I think there are several possible solutions to reduce the air pollution in UB. First of all, the city needs to carry out projects directed to build housing units and apartments in ger district areas and to connect the areas with the central heating systems in order to reduce theShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Security Of The Mongolian Economy1488 Words   |  6 PagesENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN MONGOLIA â€Å"When the last animal dies from famine, when the last creek dries up, when the last tree burns down, humankind will understand that money can not be eaten†. -Anonymous author from Mongolia In spite of its wealth of natural resources of the Mongolia, protection of its environment and resource issue has been considered as serious issue. Since 1996, the government has extensively been implementing the policy to use wealth of naturalRead MoreClimate change and the loss heritage Antarctic’s ice melt and accelerating sea level rise, the1600 Words   |  7 Pagesoverloading our atmosphere with carbon dioxide and trapping the heat and recently, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere reached 400 pmm. Not just environmental issues are rising due to carbon dioxide increase but more and miscellaneous issues are appearing as climate change becomes more severe. For example, regional models and local analyses agree that Mongolia has become noticeably warmer and the climate change effect is damaging their millennial of historic nomadic lifestyle and even came to the peekRead MoreSexual And Reproductive Health, Tobacco And Alcohol Usage, Infectious Disease And Environmental Issues Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol usage, infectious disease and environmental related heath issues are major concerns for Mongolian youth. All medical and hospital services are free and health care is under the control of state[1]. Each province has at least two hospitals, and as of 2004 there were approximately 18 dentists, 31 pharmacists, 267 physicians, and 305 nurses per 100,000 people[2]. The World Health Organization established and supports nine adolescent-friendly clinics around Mongolia. The clinics staff is trained onRead MoreMongol Empire1679 Words   |  7 Pagesconquered peoples more equally and not so much as second class citizens. The Mongols had all the necessary preconditions in the militaristic and political areas; according to the Conrad-Demarest Model. Initially, in the Mongols place of origin, Mongolia, there were many rival tribes known as the Naimans, Merkits, Tatars, Mongols, and Keraits. These tribes often raided and attacked each other in an effort to receive more power in the region, but the Mongols and Tatars often stayed equal in powerRead MoreEthics and The Mining Industry Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesshould play a role in monitoring Australia’s involvement in Mongolia, and elsewhere of course, ensuring that no harm is done to local communities. She said that When an Australian company is operating in a developing country with a history of corruption, environmental and human rights violations, our government must step up and play a more active role in ensuring transparency and respect for human rights. Rogers really emphasised on Mongolia because they have a really poor framework wh en it comes toRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Before / After Beijing 2008 Olympics1568 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Issues Before/After Beijing 2008 Olympics â€Å"Beijing organized the 2008 Olympic Games with the slogan, â€Å"Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics and People’s Olympics†. This slogan illustrates the determination of the Chinese government to offer an environmentally friendly yet impressive Olympic event.The 2008 Olympics â€Å"helped shape and foster a greater environmental awareness among the public and was an opportunity to showcase China’s commitment to growing in an environmentally sustainableRead MoreChinas Power Generation Report633 Words   |  3 Pagesgigawatts of nuclear capacity over 30 year projection into Chinas energy grid. The Fukushima incidence and other world nuclear incidences could be the reason why nuclear power is ranked lower relative to coal power. This may be because apart from the environmental concerns that have been associated with coal use it has never caused an incidence of a magnitude of a nuclear disaster. Use of wind is also gaining currency in electricity generation. How ever, it is still ranked fourth after nuclear power becauseRead MoreCultural Relativism And Its Impact On Society Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagesnation and reported quality of life, with Egypt, Mongolia, Bolivia, Bangladesh, China, Lebanon, all maintaining the highest pollution index (in descending order), and possessing the fourth, second, ninth, fifth, eleventh, eighteenth, quality of life index, respectively. While independently this does necessarily consolidate the argument that specific cultures are objectively ‘better’ than others, it does exhibit the correlation between cultures’ environmental emphasis, with nations that strive to ensureRead MoreA Brief Note On Pollution Across The World1514 Words   |  7 Pagesmanufacturers have started designing much more fuel efficient engines. Hybrid vehicles that use both an internal combustion engine and an electric power source have become highly popular amongst commuters. According to the Washington Post, the E nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required the U.S auto-fleet to average 54.5 mpg by the year 2025 (Eilperrin). This will put a lot of pressure on engineers to make an engine that has a high output and is efficient. It is vital that something is doneRead MorePollution Is A Major Public Health Crisis1573 Words   |  7 Pageseither environmental or materialistic. Pollution is a major public health crisis in the world. (Friis, 2012). It is one of the conflicts that contribute to various aspects of an individual’s life, whether it is their health or environmental life. Methods Materials In order to collect appropriate materials for this review, I analyzed a computerized literature search of the PsycINFO and PsycArticles databases using the keywords â€Å"quality†, â€Å"pollution†, â€Å"contamination†, and â€Å"environmental health

Special Populationson the young gifted child books Free Essays

string(185) " is a great resource for both instructors of the talented and talented kids because it focuses on the gifts and endowments of a precocious kid who excels in his country of involvement\." Gifted Lifes is a book which includes extended research on 20 outstandingly talented people in Britain that the writer has followed for 35 old ages since they were kids, diversely aged five to 14 when she started, possessing a scope in countries of giftedness. The writer is Joan Freeman, a distinguished and lifetime award winning British psychologist working for the development of human abilities to their highest degrees. This book investigates why some of the immature gifted kids succeeded and others did non. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Populationson the young gifted child books or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freeman shows how their single reactions to even really early experiences-including their parent ‘s attitudes and actions toward them-continue to impact their lives as they enter middle-age. Their narratives illustrate how apparently harmless events could hold lay waste toing life-long effects. Freeman ‘s composing throughout is controlled and nonsubjective, and reviews show that she finally increases the strength of her narratives by allowing you see flawlessly into each character ‘s life without narrative contamination.A This resource seems to be a unequivocal up-to-date work on the particular population of the really immature gifted and gives great penetration into what they will go. Galbraith, J. , A ; Espeland, P. ( 2000 ) . You know your kid is gifted when aˆÂ ¦ a novice ‘s usher to life on the bright side. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit. This book by Judy Galbraith ( award winning writer and publishing house ) uses humourous sketchs and commentaries on giftedness to supply parents with information on the features, challenges, and the joys of rearing a immature gifted kid. The â€Å" good, bad, and ugly † about each of the different features of talented kids are shared, along with ways to assist promote the development of the kid. Information is besides provided on the differences between bright kids and talented kids, how to place gifted, labeling, multiple intelligences, perfectionism, relationships, badgering, self-esteem, and recommending for the kid. Throughout the book, first-person narratives from parents of kids with giftedness offer the reader reassurance and penetrations. A list of related organisations and helpful web sites is besides included. This book is great for parents, but it ‘s besides recommended for instructors, child care suppliers, counsellors, and others who work with really immatu re gifted kids. Olszewski-Kublius, P. , Limburg-Weber, L. , A ; Pfeiffer, S. ( 2003 ) . Early gifts: Recognizing and fostering kids ‘s endowments. Waco, TX: Prufrock. This book is a practical resource that offers counsel for parents of talented preschool and elementary-age kids. Discussed in each chapter are early behaviours indicative of possible endowment and how parents can make a place environment that both elicits and develops their kid ‘s particular abilities through activities, games, and drama. The writers address offer solid advice and counsel for parents of talented and gifted kids of preschool and simple school age. The book shows parents and pedagogues ways to place a kid ‘s country of endowment ; support and raising that talent both at place and at school ; and schemes parents can utilize to guarantee their talented kid grows to be a happy, healthy grownup. The writers are all known to be taking experts in the field of talented and gifted instruction one of whom serves as the executive manager of Duke ‘s Talent Identification Program. Smutny, J. F. , Walker, S. Y. , A ; Meckstroth, E. A. ( 1997 ) . Teaching immature gifted kids in the regular schoolroom: identifying, nurturing, and disputing ages 4-9. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Press. In their book, Teaching Young Gifted Children in the Regular Classroom, the composing squad of Smutny, Walker, and Meckstroth offer sound theory and real-world utility for run intoing the educational demands of talented 4- to 9-year-olds in general instruction schoolrooms. This originative usher inspires and enables instructors ( and parents ) with ways to place talented kids early and gives advice on how to make a learning environment that supports all pupils efficaciously and instantly. The book includes often asked inquiries ( and common sense replies ) , and many consistent signifiers for instructors. The book besides discusses single acquisition manners ; happening the balance between construction and creativeness ; get bying accomplishments for emphasis, sensitiveness, and perfectionism ; gifted childs from cultural minorities ; concerted acquisition vs. bunchs ; and including parents as co-workers in their kid ‘s instruction experience. From placing to functioning, this publication ( albeit 14 old ages old ) is filled with many practical thoughts that makes it priceless for pedagogues in the preschool and primary classs and therefore was really of import to add to the bibliography. Videos DeVito, D. ( Director ) . ( 1996 ) . Matilda [ Motion image ] . United States: Sony Pictures. In this excessive fictional comedy, an intelligent immature miss invariably experiences irritation with her philistine household who does non appreciate her love of acquisition and desire to read through an extended aggregation of books. When Matilda eventually begins school, she is intimidated by the dictatorial principal, but she is enthralled with the chance to socialise with other kids and to get down larning with her schoolroom instructor, Miss Honey, who recognizes Matilda ‘s advanced mind, and together the two build a close relationship. As Matilda continues to see defeat with her parents and the school principal, she discovers she has clairvoyant powers. Though the content of the film is absurd, the movie ‘s message that immature kids ‘s rational abilities should be appreciated and nurtured is an appropriate one for guided screening. Additionally, this movie would be utile in turn toing talented simple school kids ‘s demand to happen friends who identi fy with their mind. Zaillian, S. ( Director ) . ( 1993 ) . Searching for Bobby Fischer [ VHS ] [ Motion image ] . United States: Paramount. This film, Searching for Bobby Fischer, tells the narrative of a universe title-holder cheat participant. The narrative serves as a background for an first-class film concentrating on endowment development in immature prodigies. The cardinal character is a seven-year-old named Josh Waitzman who becomes intrigued with work forces playing cheat in New York City ‘s Washington Square. When his parents detect his captivation with the game and his natural gift for cheat, his male parent succeeds at happening a cheat instructor for his boy. This picture is a great resource for both instructors of the talented and talented kids because it focuses on the gifts and endowments of a precocious kid who excels in his country of involvement. You read "Special Populationson the young gifted child books" in category "Essay examples" Journal Articles Diezmann, Carmel M. A ; Watters, James J. ( 2000 ) Challenging the Young Gifted Child in Science and Mathematicss: An Enrichment Strategy. TalentEd, 18 ( 1 ) , pp. 2-8. Gross, M. U. M. ( 1999 ) . Small poppies: Highly talented kids in the early old ages. Roeper Review, 21 ( 3 ) , 207-214. This article by Miraca Gross ( manager of Gifted Education Research in Sydney, Australia ) is a authoritative on the development and demands of deeply gifted kids in babyhood, toddlerhood and the preschool old ages. It discusses some of the hallmarks of utmost intelligence in the really immature. Gross discusses the under-identification of immature highly-gifted kids and describes the developmental differences in highly-gifted kids. The job that is discussed is the fact that extremely gifted kids are often placed at hazard in the early old ages of school through inappropriate grade-placement and a earnestly unequal course of study. She concludes her article by forcing the reader to see that extremely gifted kids are at hazard in schools because the bulk of instructors have had no entree to preparation that would do them cognizant of the curricular and programming deductions of degrees or grades of giftedness. This article was of import to include ( even though it did non fall in the twelvemonth 2000 or beyond class ) because it goes beyond what other articles listed here have researched. It looks non merely at the immature gifted kid, but the deeply gifted kid and awakens readers to this underserved population. Harrison, C. ( 2004 ) . Giftedness in Early Childhood and Young Gifted Children – Their Search for Complexity and Connection. Roeper Review, 26, ( 2 ) 78-84. This article by Dr. Cathie Harrison, Senior Lecturer in Early Childhood Education at ACU National, paperss the writer ‘s journey with talented kids and their households. It begins by researching the first hebdomads and months in the life of talented kids and their households. It so takes the reader through assorted phases and facets of the early childhood experience of being a immature gifted kid. It looks into the facets of drama, larning and development and the impression of the hunt for complexness and connexion as it impinges on both the rational and emotional and societal spheres. It moves on to looking at how the kids and households experience their links with early childhood and school scenes, community. This is an of import research-based mention for both parents and early childhood instructors. Peterson, Jean, Duncan, Nancy, Canady, Kate ( Jan 2009 ) . A Longitudinal Study of Negative Life Events, Stress, and School Experiences of Gifted Youth. Gifted Child Quarterly, 53, 34-49 This article is about an 11 twelvemonth mixed-methods, cross-sectional longitudinal survey that began with a group of 121 talented kids, and followed them until high-school graduation. Each twelvemonth, the kid ‘s parents identified any negative life events that may hold occurred, and, at graduation, pupils completed an open-ended questionnaire, concentrating on events, impact of events, supports, and interventions during their school old ages. It was found that the pupils had experienced many negative events and state of affairss during the school old ages but they normally cited academic challenges, school passages, friendly relationships, and overcommitment as their most ambitious experiences, non life events. It was interesting to see that about without exclusion the pupils maintained their high accomplishment. This survey shows that talented pupils may non pass on their concern to grownups who are invested in their accomplishment or non-achievement. Adults that play an of import function in this kid ‘s life should maintain the findings in this survey in head as they interact with them. This survey is similar to the book antecedently mentioned – Gifted Lives – because it shows the consequence that giftedness can hold on pupils from a immature age until subsequently on in life. Pfeiffer, Steven I. , Petscher, Yaacov ( Jan 2008 ) . Identifying Young Gifted Children Using the Gifted Rating Scales Preschool/ Kindergarten Form. Gifted Child Quarterly, 52, 19-29 This article reports on an analysis of a new instructor evaluation graduated table that was created to help in the designation of talented preschool and kindergarten pupils. This has proved in the yesteryear to be a hard group to place due to their immature age. The Gifted Rating Scales — Preschool/Kindergarten Form ( GRS-P ) is â€Å" based on a multidimensional theoretical account of giftedness. † The graduated table was found to be really effectual as an instrument in placing rational giftedness, irrespective of whether an IQ cutoff mark is used to specify rational giftedness. The writer is a professor at FSU and sits on the board of SENG ( Serving the Emotional Needs of Gifted ) . This was an article that was of import to include because the first measure in functioning the really immature gifted is being able to accurately and expeditiously place them. Early acknowledgment increases the chance of future extraordinary accomplishment and this article exhaustively exp lains one possible manner of placing them. Rotigel, J. V. ( 2003 ) . Understanding the immature gifted kid: Guidelines for parents, households, and pedagogues. Early Childhood Education Journal, 30 ( 4 ) , 209-214 This article by Indiana University at Pennsylvania Professor, Jennifer Rotigel, looks into immature gifted and talented kids and how they learn and develop. The article is helpful as it includes suggestions and resources for instructors and parents on how to understand the kid ‘s alone demands when be aftering for their instruction and how to do certain the kid is non developing unevenly. Adults must foremost specify giftedness for themselves and acknowledge what sort of impact that it has on course of study and direction. Rotigel reminds readers that they ( most probably as the instructors and parents ) need to see the alone demands of each kid as they plan ways to raising and educate these childs. The writer provides suggestions for instructors and parents along with a assortment of resources. This resource is effectual because it puts parents and instructors on the same page together and encourages them to work together for the benefit of the immature gifted kid. How to cite Special Populationson the young gifted child books, Essay examples

Journal Sustainable Development Of Energy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Sustainable Development Of Energy? Answer: Introducation The aim of the current assignment is to evaluate the nature of the property investment made by the client. This investment is about the ownership of offices located in the business district of the large provincial city in the United Kingdom. Current property is fully under the control of an insurance company in the form of corporate offices. The total area of the property comprises of 4500M2. Property is on lease basis for a total period of 10 years along with some conditions such as full repairing and insuring terms as any damage to the property will bear by the lessee who taken the property on lease. Rent of the property is exclusively1125000 without the inclusion of business rates. Current business rates payable amounts to700,000 per annum. Market rent of this property is higher than the actual rate payable by a lessee is1485000 per annum which is360000 higher than the actual rent payable by a lessee to the owner. accounting to the commercial property survey, it has observed that yield generated from this property would get an increase to 5.1 in the future will increase the quality and demand of this property. The minimum target rate of return for the whole region in which the property is located will achieve 6% that grabs the attention of all the investment bankers who intends to invest in a successful project. In the past two years, the rate of market rental growth was 1% which remains the same in the future. Market Valuation Every investment seekers pay more attention to the valuation of the market before entering in the segment to invest their precious stuff at risk. Knowledge about various approaches for valuing commercial property available on rent is called as an investment property (Limaei, Safari and Merceh, 2017). The aim of every investment is to earn money in return as every individual wants to double their investment by trusting right people. Generating information regarding the nature of all the investments is essential to get the desired return over the property in a given span of time (Agnihotri and Bhattacharya, 2017). The property market is a fully uncertain area where the price of the property is changing in few seconds due to the increase in the market competition. The aim of a person in valuing the investment property is to know about all the risks incurred in the future investment along with additional or uncertain costs to be borne by the investor. Financial advisors or investment bankers provide legal, financial and economic suggestion to an investor to invest their money in right products (Mervelskemper and Streit, 2017). Return on every property depends on the growth of the product with the passage of time. Time value of money concept is used to know about the future by applying present resources available to an individual. According to this concept, the initial investment is multiplied by the discounting rate to know about the present value of the investments in the future. Term and reversion Rent passing- 1125000 YP 7years@3%- 33.95 Term value= Rent passing*Years purchase =1125000*33.95 =38193750 Reversion Market Rent-1485000 YP Perpetuity@3%- 33.33 PV 7 years @3%- 0.81 Reversion value= Market Rent*YP Perp*PV = 38193750 Valuation- 38193750+ 40090990.5 = 78284740.5 Market Value = 78284740.5/6.0 = 13047456 It is one of the methods of valuing the investment property by knowing about the risks and returns associated with the same. The focus of the investors is more on knowing all the risks related with the property in the form of additional costs, uncertain loss, changes in the tax system, property taxes, increasing the cost of living (Jefferies, 2017). All these factors will affect the return generated on the investment. This method considers various capitalization rates to the cash flow incomes of both the current as well as future income. The term refers to the present income and reversion denotes the future income arises from the proceeds of the current investment after a specific period of time (Term and reversion and hardcore method, 2018). An investor is more curious in knowing about the reversion rather than paying attention to their current income. Every individual is worried about their future as they want to secure their future by restoring more wealth to live a good life with their loved ones. Income arises from the rent of the property counts in the periodic steps by using term rate (Henneberry ed., 2017). Term income is at par or lower risk income as current income can increase or decrease according to the will of an individual but at the same time, reversion income is not- controllable. To control that income, an individual tries to minimise all the risks in the form of obstacles comes in the path of an individual. Reversion income is prone to severe risks which may increase or decrease the returns on the investment over a certain time period as it is fluctuating in nature. Layer/hardcore Value of core Rent passing-1125000 YP in perpetuity @3%-33.33 Value of core= Rent Passing* YP = 1125000*33.33 = 37496250 Value of top slice Market Rent- 1485000 YP in Perpetuity @3%- 33.33 PV 7@ 3%- 0.81 Value of top slice- 1485000*33.33*0.81 = 40090990.5 = 77587240.5 =77587240.5*5.1%= 3956949.26 = 77587240.5-3956949.26 = 73630291.24 Another method valuing the investment in property is a hardcore method which is also known as layering method which segregates rental income of the property in different layers (Baum, Mackmin and Nunnington, 2017). This method helps in prioritizing the income according to the risks incurred in the property in various categories (Li and Trutnevyte, 2017). The lowest risk in the rental income is categorized as core income which boosts the investment portfolio of an investor with a stable return over all the years. Returns related to the future uplifts will value at the same rate for all the years an investment held with the owner. Investment Appraisal Investment appraisal, as well as economic appraisal techniques, plays an integral role in grabbing the attention of the majority of investors towards various investment products. Investment Company uses investment appraisal techniques such as net present value method, payback period, the average rate of return and internal rate of return to determine the future value of the investments of all the investors (Dragan, Rosi and AvÃ… ¾ner, 2017). NPV determines the profitability generated from all the investments invested over a certain period of time using the time value of money. In this approach, cash flow arises from the investment in different years of the project will multiply with the discounting rate to ascertain the present value of the investments (Gajek and Kuci?ski, 2017). This present value is comparing with the initial investments to know thefavourableor negative results. The generated results will help an individual in advance before taking investment. Payback period is that technique in which greater emphasizes lies on the time duration of the project as this shows the effectiveness of the project by generating returns in the lesser period. An individual can select the best suitable project that generates higher return lesser time period to save their time to invest in more suitable tasks (Novak Pintari? and Kravanja, 2017). An internal rate of return concept is similar to the break-even concept in which an individual will earn higher at a specific rate of return to equalize the initial investment with the generated returns from the projects. Estimate the investment value of the property using discounted cash flow method Rent Passing- 1125000 YP 7 years @3%- 33.95 Market rent- 1485000 YP Perpetuity@3%- 33.33 PV 5 years @3%- 0.9151 = 1125000*33.95 = 37496250 = 1485000*33.33*0.9151 = 45292920.25 = 40090990.5 Market Value= 82789170.25 Investment value is determined by the above task using explicit growth discounting cash flow approach. Rent passing that is the current payable by a lessee to the owner of the property is used as an input along with the market rent. These two elements are multiplied two years purchase of 5 years of the total lease of the property at 3% yielding rate (Barton, 2017). Years to purchase in perpetuity are also used to determine the market value of the freehold investment property. Advantage f the freehold property is that the owner of the property has the advantage to get back its property which is given on a lease to the third party on a given rent for a specific period of time. In this approach, cash flow is multiplied by the discounting rate to ascertain the future returns generated on the total investment applied by an investor for a specific period of time (Herrendorf, Rogerson and Valentinyi, 2017). Net present value method is one of the techniques of discounted cash flow method which utilizes the time value of money concept. It is the proactive approach in which future actions can control by an individual by observing all the actions in advance in the present. Decision-making power and psychology ability of a person gets increases by using this particular approach in choosing highly earning project in the future which helps in compensating all kinds of costs incurred in the particular project. A motive of investors is to apply for their precious money in the valid and reliable project which has the higher return on investment percentage as compared to their competitors (Return on equity, 2018). Calculate NPV and IRR for the investment and also calculate Expected net of tax and gross of tax returns on equity Calculation of Initial Investment Particulars Term and reversion method Layer/hardcore method Market Value 13,047,456.00 73,630,291.24 Increase @10% 1,304,745.60 7,363,029.12 Initial Investment 14,352,201.60 80,993,320.36 Year Cash flow PV@3% Present value 0 14,352,201.60 1 14,352,201.60 1 1125000 0.970873786 1092233.01 2 1125000 0.942595909 1060420.398 3 1125000 0.915141659 1029534.367 4 1125000 0.888487048 999547.9289 5 1125000 0.862608784 970434.8824 Total Present Value 5152170.586 NPV - 9,200,031.01 Year Cash flow PV@3% Present value 0 80,993,320.36 1 80,993,320.36 1 1125000 0.970873786 1092233.01 2 1125000 0.942595909 1060420.398 3 1125000 0.915141659 1029534.367 4 1125000 0.888487048 999547.9289 5 1125000 0.862608784 970434.8824 Total Present Value 5152170.586 NPV - 75,841,149.78 Year Cash flow 0 - 1,435,201.60 1 1125000 2 1125000 3 1125000 4 1125000 5 1125000 IRR 73% Year Cash flow 0 - 80,993,320.36 1 1125000 2 1125000 3 1125000 4 1125000 5 1125000 IRR #NUM! Expected net of tax and gross of tax return on equity Net of tax ROE Debt 0.028 0.65 0.0182 Equity 0.35 0.049 0.01715 Shareholder's equity 0.03535 Gross tax ROE Debt 0.04 0.65 0.026 Equity 0.35 0.07 0.0245 Shareholder's equity 0.0505 Risk analysis Risk plays an important in every business and especially in estimating the market value of all the investment properties held by an individual for a certain period of time (Brindley, ed., 2017). The aim of an investor is to identify all the risks incurred in a project by using appropriate risks analysis structure. Monte Carlo simulation technique helps in keeping track on the increase or decrease in the market return over a short span of time (Owen, Morrison, Hoffman, Yoder and DeAngelis, 2017). This approach helps in resolving the qualitative issues faced by an individual in boosting the market returns of all the investments by making significant changes in the investment portfolio (Chowdhury, Nandy and Tameru, 2017). It is a mathematical technique that targets all the weaker sections of the investment portfolio to consider all the positive or negative changes made in the investments made by an investor. In this technique, various alternatives generated for a single problem which allow a user to consider the alternatives according to their choice. Every choice generated through this technique is customized by identifying the requirements of an individual (Milton, Farrell, Birkett and Krewski, 2017). An expert will analyze the investment profile of a user in keeping track on all the favourable and non-favourable aspects related to the clients investment. The current problem faced by an individual is of negative net present value due to lower returns as compared to the total initial investment applied by the firm. This is one of the macroeconomic tools helps an individual in making their choice to select the suitable option. Reliability of the two investments is judged by an entity before investing a single penny in two of the investments. Monte Carlo simulation is one of the risk analysis tools which come in the form of probability distribution platform which shows the probability of both success and failure (Monte Carlo Simulation, 2017). An individual can get the idea of positive or negative aspects of a single element to take the best suitable decisions which differ from one situation to another. Recommendations It is recommended to the owner of the freehold office premise property to value their property using hardcore or layer method as the market value of the property is higher in this approach as compared to the term and reversion method. Market value in this approach is73630291.24 as under this method year to purchase is valued in perpetuity instead of using the same rate. This method determines the total market return by summing up the returns of the two layers such as core and top slice. Market value in term and reversion is lesser in relation to layer method as in the first method total return is divided by minimum target return in ascertaining the total market return. Three techniques of the investments such as NPV, IRR, and return on equity highlight the major issue in the selection of the investment projects. Net present value method shows the negative amount in both the projects which cant select by the investor as this will increase the burden of costs. IRR shows the positive inclination towards the first project as they generate 73% return as against the other project which is not defined. Net tax and gross tax return on equity are higher in gross tax with 5% and 4% in net tax show the burden of the tax imposed on an individual in reducing their investment return. References Agnihotri, A. and Bhattacharya, S., 2017. Corporate Name Change and the Marketing Valuation of Firms: Evidence from an Emerging Market.International Journal of the Economics of Business. 24(1). pp.73-90. Barton, D., 2017. Refocusing capitalism on the long term: ownership and trust across the investment value chain.Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 33(2). pp.188-200. Baum, A., Mackmin, D. and Nunnington, N., 2017.The income approach to property valuation. Routledge. Brindley, C. ed., 2017.Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Chowdhury, R., Nandy, S. and Tameru, B., 2017. Abstract A41: Development of a risk analysis model for triple-negative breast cancer stages and treatment of African American women. Dragan, D., Rosi, B. and AvÃ… ¾ner, T., 2017. Synergies between an Observed Port and a Logistic Company: Application of the Discounted CashFlow Model and the Monte Carlo Simulation.Logistics Sustainable Transport. 8(1). pp.1-18. Gajek, L. and Kuci?ski, ?., 2017. Complete discounted cash flow valuation.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. 73. pp.1-19. Henneberry, J. ed., 2017.Transience and Permanence in Urban Development. John Wiley Sons. Herrendorf, B., Rogerson, R. and Valentinyi, A., 2017. Structural Change in Investment and Consumption: A Unified Approach. Jefferies, R. L., 2017. History and development of real estate investment (income) valuation models. Li, F. G. and Trutnevyte, E., 2017. Investment appraisal of cost-optimal and near-optimal pathways for the UK electricity sector transition to 2050.Applied Energy. 189. pp.89-109. Limaei, S. M., Safari, G. and Merceh, G. M., 2017. Non-market valuation of forest park using travel cost method (case study: Saravan forest park, north of Iran).AUSTRIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE. 134(1). pp.53-74. Mervelskemper, L. and Streit, D., 2017. Enhancing Market Valuation of ESG Performance: Is Integrated Reporting Keeping its Promise?.Business Strategy and the Environment. 26(4). pp.536-549. Milton, B., Farrell, P.J., Birkett, N. and Krewski, D., 2017. Modeling U?Shaped Exposure?Response Relationships for Agents that Demonstrate Toxicity Due to Both Excess and Deficiency.Risk Analysis. 37(2). pp.265-279. Novak Pintari?, Z. and Kravanja, Z., 2017. The Importance of using Discounted Cash Flow Methodology in Techno-economic Analyses of Energy and Chemical Production Plants.Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. 5(2). pp.163-176. Owen, L. A., Morrison, M. A., Hoffman, R. O., Yoder, B. A. and DeAngelis, M. M., 2017. Retinopathy of prematurity: A comprehensive risk analysis for prevention and prediction of disease.PloS one.12(2). p.e0171467. Term and reversion and healthcare method, 2018. Available through: https://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_arabic/finance_general/5916722-term_and_reversion_method_hardcore_method.html [Accessed on 16th January 2018]. Monte Carlo Simulation, 2017. Available through: https://www.palisade.com/risk/monte_carlo_simulation.asp [Accessed on 16th January 2018]. Return on equity, 2018. Available through: https://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/financial-statement-analysis/return-equity-roe-916 [Accessed on 16th January 2018].

Comparison of Guided Search Model and Feature Integration Model of Visual Search

Columbus essays

Columbus essays Christopher Columbus of Spain went to the king and queen to ask authorization for an expedition. He wanted to venture to the India. The New World, he believed, could be found by sailing west across the ocean. No one had ever sailed west before. The reason no one had done this before was because everyone believed that the world was flat. Columbus, on the other hand, believed that it was round. The movie 1492: Conquest of Paradise brings out the handout Privileges and Prerogatives Granted to Christopher Columbus. According to the handout, Columbus was to have complete control over whatever land he discovered. After his death, his heirs would inherit the land and take over control. Spain wanted to ensure that they would have power over whatever he discovered, and this was the way to do it. This was so in the movie as well. Columbus was to take gold back to Spain and to spread the word of God in the discovered land. In August of 1492, Columbus and his adventurers set out to find the New World with three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. They reached their destination in October of 1492. The island that they found was full of native people dressed in loincloths and caring speared sticks. They were very friendly for the time Columbus and his crew were there. The island was great, but what Columbus really wanted was to find the mainland of India. At any rate, they stayed for a while and when a man got sick, Columbus headed home. He took with him some gold from the New World. After a short stay in his homeland, Columbus returned to the New World. Upon reaching the island again, Columbus found something awful. The crew that he had left behind was dead. Columbus did not want to take revenge, but some of the crew did. He managed to hold them off for a while. The explorers built up the land on the island, adding a ringing bell and some buildings. Soon a battle broke out over the deaths of the ...

Use of Formal Assessment Tools for Patients Spiritual Needs Essay

Use of Formal Assessment Tools for Patients Spiritual Needs - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the spiritual needs of the patients are less tangible compared to physical, because they are often difficult to measure, complex, and abstract hence, given lower priority than other needs especially physical needs. Spiritual needs are defined as factors that are needed to diminish the spiritual deficits or enhance spiritual strengths of a person. These needs are concerned with person’s relationship and meaning of things that transcends the material things.This paper outlines that to achieve much effectiveness and efficiency, formal assessment tools should take less time, be flexible, and be easy to use. The words used during assessment should encourage the patient to participate in the process. It should be conducted in a manner that is non- judgemental and non-threatening. There are three major formal assessment tools namely: FICA Model, Howden’s Spirituality Assessment Scale, and Jarel Spiritual Well-Being Scale.  The scale focuse s on four main areas namely: transcendence, inner resources, meaning and purpose in life, and unifying interconnectedness. Lastly, Jarel Spiritual Well-Being Scale is an assessment tool used by health professionals and is based on assessing spiritual needs of older adults. The tool is based on 21 statements which are rated according to a scale of â€Å"strongly agree† - â€Å"strongly disagree†.  These formal assessment tools are the best way for a health professional to ensure that assessment and care of patient’s spiritual needs are met.

The Problem With Akeem In Education. Causes And Decision Case Study - 12

The Problem With Akeem In Education. Causes And Decision - Case Study Example Kirkley further elaborates, solving a problem in some cases requires the problem solver to dynamically restructure and run their mental models of the systems to effect a particular action on a system. Developing a mental model is more practical and requires more than the declarative teaching than students such as Akeem received from their classroom. The solution would thus be aimed at making the studies a bit practical to make such students to express mental models practically rather than theoretically. Cooper & Henschkle (2001) describe andragogy as a form of learning for adults where practice in the field is supplemented with theoretical work form the class. Such an approach would help in helping children such as Akeem. The children exhibiting such behavior should be offered with an environment that stimulates practical activities. Once the area of concern is established, the students would then be encouraged to participate more in this specific area, and later when enough interest is accumulated, the student might be introduced to the theoretical aspect of the idea. The plan has to work effectively in that the plan isolates the areas of interests as portrayed by the student, and then develops these areas. In short, it is a student controlled learning instead of a teacher controlled learning. As Cooper & Henschkle (2001) elaborate, the interest and practical aspect gained would be the motivation towards learning the theoretical concept. Cooper, M.K. & Henschke, J.A., (2001). Andragogy: its research value for practice. A presentation to the Midwest Research to Practice conference, Eastern Illinois University, Illinois, Sept. 26-28, 2001.

Financial and Banking System of Chile Research Paper

Financial and Banking System of Chile - Research Paper Example The economy of Chile is affected and influenced by slowdown in the economy across the world. The government was conscious due to the economic slowdown and the decrease in the GDP of the country therefore in order to stabilize the economy the Central bank of Chile have decided to adopt various monetary measures for reducing the rate of interest to around 0.5%. The current account surpluses which was experienced by Chile in the previous years have disappeared and during the period of 2009. The yield that is derived from the Central bank has fallen significantly and therefore the spread of the Chile sovereign have increased remarkably. The central bank of Chile is an institution that determines or identifies the exchange and the monetary rate policies. When the rate of GDP has fallen more than 6% due to the failure of the banks and in order to minimize the problems or the constraint of the financial structure of the country, the financial services of Chile is supervised and regulated by different forms of institutions in respect to the type of financial services. The direct influence of the global financial crisis on Chile in case of the conservative regulation has lead to the banking crisis in the year 1980.the banking crisis has lead to the generation of low international financial level and lower level of integration and the financial market. The economic slowdown has affected the financial and banking structure of Chile and particularly in the areas of credit cards and also retail lending. The present monetary rules and regulations of Chile on the basis of the recommendation of the Basel III regulation reflect the capital ratio of the banking system of the countries.

Capital Punishment | Should Capital Punishment be Abolished?

Capital Punishment | Should Capital Punishment be Abolished? Death sentence being one of the harshest punishments known to man has taken a gradual humanized change over the years. Being a mode of punishment prominently followed in most parts of the world has now been abolished in many countries because of a wave of abolishment initiated a few decades back. India seems to be stuck between the global trend to end death penalty and the nations that is still follow. It has taken a very safe ground by giving a minimal provision and leaving it to the discretion of the judiciary to award the punishment in special circumstances. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether capital punishment should be banned or not? While considering the historical as well as present scenario of capital punishment and comparing with other countries where it has been abolished. Introduction Capital punishment is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial. It is usually only used as a punishment for particularly serious types of murder, but in some countries treason, types of fraud, adultery and rape are capital crimes.  [1]  In Indian the traditional way of awarding this punishment is handing by the neck till the death of the criminal. In other countries, shooting, electric chair, etc,are the various devices used for the purpose. The term capital originates from capitalis, literally regarding the head (Latin caput). Hence, a capital crime was originally one punished by the severing of the head.  [2]   Amongst democratic countries today, it is rare to find capital punishment being practiced. In fact, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. are the only ones who still have the death penalty. However, it is mainly found in poor, undemocratic and authoritarian states that the death penalty is still being used, and usually as a means of political oppression. The European Union and the Council of Europe refuses its member states to practice the death penalty, or at least desire them to show that they no longer actively practice it (i.e. a moratorium). Although the United States had suspended executions in 1973, they resumed them in 1977. However, not all the states perform capital punishment, with at least 12 of them having banned it at the time of writing? Most of the countries except China, a few countries in South Africa and Belarus in Europe, have moved towards abolishing death penalty  [3]  . Though being a member of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which is adopted by the United Nations and stands to bring countries to abolish death penalty, India has not taken this important step to abolish such a grave punishment. Capital punishment is nothing but judicial murder, it is said, especially when an innocent life is destroyed. Besides this, capital punishment, as is generally supposed, is not deterrent. Murders and other heinous crimes have continued unabated, in spite of it. The result of such views has been that in recent years there has been an increasing tendency in western countries to award life imprisonment instead of capital punishment. Muslims countries, to be more serve in this respect. Despite frequent demands from all society Indian has not so far abolished capital punishment. But even in India there has been a decline in the frequency of such punishment. It is now awarded only in cases of hardened criminals and only when it is established that the murder was not the result of a momentary impulse, the result of serious provocation, but well-planned and cold-blooded. In such cases, it is felt that nothing else than capital punishment would be executed for that crime. Those who indulge in anti-social and sternest possible measures should be taken against them, specially when they are habitual offenders. India has not so far abolished capital punishment but used it more judiciously. Sociologists are of the view that capital punishment serves no useful purpose. By sending the criminals to gallows, we in no way help or provide relief to the family of the murdered. The sociologists, therefore, suggest that the murderer should be sentenced for life to work and support the family of murdered person as well as his own. In this way, innocent women and children would be saved from much suffering, hunger and starvation.  [4]   Philosophers view on capital punishment According, to Kants view no state can exist if there is no law and if there is no law then there is no society and no state. Therefore legislation of law is necessary. Therefore by Kants view if a person has violated such laws by doing a crime then a person who has violated such law must be punished. According to Kant punishment is a legal act that definitely has a certain basis. This basis is a crime. If there is no crime there must be no punishment. Punishment of innocent people is a result of a worthless legislation; this means that the legal system is unable to establish guilt and make a differentiation between innocent people and criminals.  [5]  Kants opinion towards death penalty is justified only if there is a murder. According to him if there is a murder then he must die. Theory of punishment:- by both H.L.A Hart and (1959) in England and John Rawls (1955) in the United States. Defining the concept of punishment must be kept distinct from justifying punishment. A definition of punishment is, or ought to be, value-neutral, at least to the extent of not incorporating any norms or principles that surreptitiously tend to justify whatever falls under the definition itself. To put this another way, punishment is not supposed to be justified, or even partly justified, by packing its definition in a manner that virtually guarantees that whatever counts as punishment is automatically justified. (Conversely, its definition ought not to preclude its justification.)  [6]   Historical Background Capital punishment is regarded as one of the severest form of punishment in the history of mankind. During the medieval era, capital punishment was sentenced even for extremely trivial and inconsequential matter or in other words we can say that they were executed for minor crimes such as stealing, cheating or even trespassing. Also, the methods of administering death penalty were immensely harsh and gruesome. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. This was the only method for them to provide justice for every crime done by a person. However, during medieval times the capital punishment was rather insensitive. The punishment which was given to the accused cant be compare to the act which has been done by accused. One of the oldest methods of practicing capital punishment was hanging. This method was originated from Persia and was restricted only for male criminals. The method was considered to be comparatively less harsh as it was relatively simpler with no involvement of blood. This form of punishment is prevalent to date in countries such as Singapore, Japan, India, Pakistan and three states in US.  [7]   In the earlier time death penalty laws can be found in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon (18th century BCE), in which death penalty was given for different crimes. But in the Draconian Code of Athens (7th century BCE), times where every crime was punishable by death and was the most extreme capital systems in ancient times. Later on under Roman law in the 5th century BCE, a person could even be sentenced to death for simply writing an insulting song  [8]  . The Romans also used it for a wide range of offenses, though citizens were exempted for a short time during the republic. It also has been sanctioned at one time or another by most of the worlds major religions. In medieval and early modern Europe the death penalty was largely used as a generalized form of punishment, and often accompanied by torture. Similarly, in medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. For example, in 1700s Britain there were 222 crimes which were punishable by death, including crimes such as cutting down a tree or stealing an animal.  [9]  Thanks to the notorious Bloody Code, 18th century (and early 19th century) Britain was a hazardous place to live. For example, Michael Hammond and his sister, Ann, whose ages were given as 7 and 11, were reportedly hanged at Kings Lynn on Wednesday, September 28, 1708 for theft. The local press did not, however, consider the executions of two children newsworthy.  [10]   Present scenario But the time has changed now, the judiciary in most countries has adopted a more civilized attitude towards this punishment and death penalty is reserved for extremely heinous crimes. Three quarters of executions worldwide occur in Asia. 95% of Asians live in jurisdictions that carry out capital punishment. China alone accounts for 90% of all executions in Asia. The country executed approximately 5000 people in 2008. Thats a rate per capita dozens of times higher than in the U.S., and yet its a steep drop for the numbers of some decades earlier. India is also retentionist (meaning the opposite of abolitionist) but only executed one person in the first decade of the new millennium. Singapore used to kill a similar proportion of its citizens as China, but the rate has dropped recently. Japan, on the contrary, is executing more and more people. Saudi Arabia is known for its particularly gruesome methods  [11]   We can see from the above graph there is lot of change in figures earlier only death penalty was sentenced as compared to medieval times. Pakistan , U.S. and China are at the highest peak. Pakistan and china are the main contributors in increasing the percentage of death penalty in Asia. The most recent executions in South Korea took place in December 1997, when 23 people were executed at short notice on the same day. Similarly, nineteen executions occurred in 1995 and 15 in 1994, in each instance occurring all on the same day. No executions have occurred since 1998, but this de facto suspension has not been reinforced by law. Since 1999, lawmakers have thrice endorsed a bill favoring life imprisonment without parole in place of the death penalty, but each time the proposal has stalled and failed to move forward. The need remains to develop a culturally appropriate pro-abolition argument that could persuade the Korean public that the death penalty is unworkable and wrong. On 21 January 2007, in the Inhyeokdang case, the Korean Court acquitted 8 persons who had been executed 32 years earlier. The hope is that, in light of strong arguments based on the risk to innocent persons and the irreversibility of capital punishment, Korea will effectively transition from de fact o to formal abolition. Capital Punishment should be banned or not? Most of the people now feel that punishment for crimes like murders should not be death but some re formative or deterrent sentence. Death sentence cannot reform a criminal since once dead he cannot be reformed. The governments, which have abolished death sentence, find that there is no increase in the number of murders in the countries after the abolition. Some social reformers still feel that life imprisonment is a more severe kind of punishment. However, capital punishment puts an end to the criminals life, life imprisonment forces him to spend his whole life within the boundaries of a prison. Over 37 countries have already abolished the death sentence and the after-effects of it have not been harmful. India, which is the birthplace of great luminaries, should also abolish death sentence and replace it with some other kind of punishment, which aims to abolish crime, not merely kill criminals.  [12]   In India, capital punishment is granted for different crimes, counting murder, initiating a childs suicide, instigating war against the government, acts of terrorism, or a second evidence for drug trafficking. Death penalty is officially permitted though it should be used in the rarest of rare cases as per the judgement of Supreme Court of India. Amongst the retentionist countries around the world, India has the lowest execution rate with just 55 people executed since independence in 1947.  [13]   In the case of Bachan Singh v State of Punjab  [14]  , wherein a Constitutional Bench with a 4:1 majority upheld the constitutional validity of death penalty and the scope of the provision which enabled the imposition of death penalty. Justice Bhagwati took a dissenting opinion and held that the death sentence is unconstitutional and violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India. laws which are to be used to avoid and prevent people from committing such offences and not to take the life a person using the same laws. The State has no right to take the life of a person. India according to me should abolish death sentence. Article 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution provides for Right to equality before law and protection of life and personal liberty respectively. Article 14 states, The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India  [15]  . And Article 21 states, No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law  [16]  . If a procedure of law itself takes a life of a person, who is to be blamed, and who should be punished for it? Is it fair to kill a person? If not, what is the difference between a murderer and the society who takes the life of a murderer by sentencing him to death? In a landmark case of Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab  [17]  , a panel of four judges of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of death penalty but Justice Bhagwati differed in his opinion. The four judge panel led by Chief Justice Y.V. Chandrachud suggested a set of guidelines for determining the aggravating circumstances which would warrant the imposition of death penalty and other mitigating circumstances for awarding the lesser punishment of imprisonment for life. Further, the Supreme Court held that the aggravating circumstances which result in special reasons as per the Criminal Procedure Code must be considered to be sentenced to death. And finally held that death sentence should be imposed only in Rarest of Rare cases. The death sentence as a punishment can also have a deterrent effect against the potential murderers. But J. Bhagwati argues that death sentence will have a greater deterrent effect as opposed to the life sentence. J. Bhagwati enriches the court with various scholars over the world who would agree with his opinion and this very opinion has favored the abolition of death penalty in their countries. He says it is not a rational conviction but merely an unreasoned belief which is entertained by some people including a few penologists, judges, jurists and legislators that death penalty has a uniquely deterrent effect  [18]  . Reference was also made to the Fifty Fourth Law Commission report  [19]  which also took a view that death sentence acts as a deterrent. It says that every human being dreads death suggesting that death sentence had a greater deterrent effect than other punishments. As the punishment is more deterrent than others it becomes arbitrary and unreasonable and viol ates article 14 ad 21 of the Constitution. Therefore it should be not be completely abolished. Hence, it should be executed only in rarest of rare cases. Conclusion Death penalty is the harshest of punishments provided in the IPC, which involves the judicial killing or taking the life of the accused as a form of punishment  [20]  . It is a mode of punishment which extinguishes the life of an accused. In India, death sentence has gone through a number of changes but still remains as the harshest punishment. It is the punishment for murdering another human being. It is true that killing someone is cruel, but it is also not reasonable for a society to kill someone. The only difference between these is that the accused in a murder case is punished by the society but there is no one to punish the society. The rule of law is set up to protect and regulate both the society as well as the people in the society. In conclusion, I feel that death penalty should be completely abolished. Though I am also morally against death penalty this analysis has made my views even stronger. But it should be executed only in the rarest of rare case like there is nothing else left instead of capital punishment for giving justice to someone. The views suggested by philosophers also suggest the same meaning that it should be executed only in the case of murder or we can say that in the rarest of rare cases.

Essay --

Taking a Stand Not since the start of the 1994/95 football season have we seen standing areas in the top two divisions of the English football league. But yet much like the movie ‘Jurassic Park’ these stands are coming back, without the death and dinosaurs this time however. The cost of ticket prices are now ridiculously high especially considering the economic problems we are in. Average ticket prices in the Premier League are the highest within the four major European leagues, the others being La Liga, Bundesliga and Serie A. The average ticket price of a Premier League game is  £28.30, this is a huge price to pay to see a game of football. This compared to the average price of a ticket to a Bundesliga football match which is only  £10, clearly shows the just how shocking the gulf in prices are. However many clubs can claim that this influx of cash each week is needed to support the ever growing maintenance costs of all seated stadiums and to support the club financially at the s ame time. So if only there was a way to lower the prices yet allow the club to make more money from match attendances. Well my friends I think I have found the cure to this disease. The solution lies in the return of standing areas to football grounds. Now these standing areas would not be the same dangerous, hooliganism plagued standing areas of old; no they would be cheap, safe standing areas. Introducing safe standing areas would lower ticket prices and season tickets dramatically; this can be proven by looking at one of the largest football clubs in the world, Bayern Munich. You would expect a club of such magnitude to have season ticket prices as high as the moon, but you’d be wrong. The lowest costing season ticket for the standing area is only  £150... ...s a credit not only German football but standing areas as well. The premier league should be looking over its shoulder, for everyday they waste squabbling over what to do the Bundesliga gets stronger and will soon be challenging to take over the title of ‘Best League in the World’. Even the lousy, misery filled stadiums of the horrific Scottish Premier League (SPL) have followed Germanys lead, by dropping its ban against standing areas. This shows just how far behind the apparently almighty Premier League is, that essentially an amateur league is further ahead than it is. Fortunately the situation is looking brighter as supporters groups from 12 Premier League clubs have confirmed they are backing a trial for standing areas and despite the fact that progress is slow, the wheels are in motion and it is only a matter of time before the momentum begins to build.